Sinomicrurus macclellandi swinhoei
MacClelland's Coral Snake
環紋赤蛇
保育等級: 保育類 (第二級)
劇毒!
鄉野調查
家族
蝙蝠蛇科，Elapinae 亞科
Elapidae, subfamily Elapinae
Elapidae, subfamily Elapinae
最大體長
98 cm
台灣棲地分布
罕見蛇種。分部台灣全島海拔 1000 公尺以下。
世界棲地分布
台灣特有亞種。
外觀描述
Small snake; total length up to 98 cm. There are 13 rows of scales, which are smooth, glossy, iridescent. Head is broad oval and not distinct from the neck; body is slim, round; tail is short and ends in a chitinized point. Eye is medium-sized; iris is dark gray to black, indistinct since it blends with surrounding dark area of head, and pupil is circular and black. There are no loreals. Tongue is red to flesh-colored, with red stem and diffuse brown fork tips. Fangs are small, rigid, in anterior part of upper jaw. Upper head is distinctly marked with broad cream to white band across head behind eyes, and is brown-black to black anteriorly posteriorly while snout is whitish. Upper body and tail are red to rusty brown, with scales flecked with diffuse dark brown or black. There are a series of narrow, black, light-edged cross bands, some incomplete on the flanks. Ventral head is white to very light gray, mental and chin shields may have dark spots. Ventral body and tail are cream to light gray with black designs, irregular in size and in shape. Anal scale is divided and subcaudals are paired.
生態描述
環紋赤蛇通常是為夜間出沒，可是白天也有機率出現在陰影區的卵生蛇類。喜歡棲息在山區林木底層、石縫與腐植堆中。侵略性不強，只有極少數的記載有出現過攻擊行為；但是牠的毒液含有強烈的神經毒素，所以仍然有致命的危險性。由於資料不足，所以幾乎沒有人了解牠的生活習性。不過可以猜測牠的主食是蜥蜴與小型蛇類。另外在遭受威脅時，牠會舉起牠尖尖的尾巴戳刺威脅者。母蛇於夏季產下 4 - 14 枚卵。
學名與俗名
Sinomicrurus 是一個的複合組合詞，Sin是來自拉丁語 "中國的"， mikros 是來自希臘語意思是"小的"，ura 則是 "尾巴" 描述牠尖銳而短小的尾巴。
macclellandi: 來自一個兼通醫生與自然學家的英國人 Sir John McClelland。
swinhoei : 來自英國的自然學家同時也是收藏家與歐洲第一位在台領事 Robert Swinhoe。
環紋赤蛇、環紋赤蛇台灣亞種、麗紋蛇、麥克蘭德氏華珊瑚蛇。
相關連結
- Reptile Database
- Wikipedia
- Coral Snakes
- 一篇有關亞洲與美國眼鏡蛇科的種群發展比較文獻 - Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834)
In The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters (Herpetologica 57: 233-245), Slowinski, J.B., J. Boundy & R. Lawson "analysed the phylogeny of oriental coral snakes (together with New World coral snakes) by means of both morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA sequences. The generic classification of these snakes has been subject to confusion and controversy for some time, with some species being assigned to the genus Hemibungarus, but without much robust evidence (see comments on Elapidae 1999 page). The present study identified three main evolutionary groupings within Oriental coral snakes, which the authors recognise as distinct genera:
(i) Calliophis, a tropical Asian genus including the species C. beddomei, C. bibroni, C. gracilis, C. maculiceps, C. melanurus, C. nigrescens, C. intestinalis and C. bivirgatus. Note that Maticora is treated as a synonym of Calliophis.
(ii) Hemibungarus, which contains the single Philippine species H. calligaster.
(iii) Sinomicrurus, a new genus, which contains a series of subtropical species: S. hatori, S. japonicus, S. kelloggi, S. macclellandi and S. sauteri. Both molecular and morphological studies support the hypothesis that this assemblage constitutes the sister group to the New World coral snakes.
以下為簡述上文摘要
由於在亞洲的珊瑚蛇分類非常混亂，所以並沒有很準確的分類法。而目前暫定亞洲珊瑚蛇的進化有三種方向：
(i) Calliophis - 分屬在熱帶的種類，包含C. beddomei, C. bibroni, C. gracilis, C. maculiceps, C. melanurus, C. nigrescens, C. intestinalis 與 C. bivirgatus.
ps.Maticora被視為與Calliophis相同。
(ii) Hemibungarus - 目前只有菲律賓有一種H. calligaster。
(iii) Sinomicrurus - 是一個新確立的新屬，包含了一系列亞熱帶的種類：S. hatori, S. japonicus, S. kelloggi, S. macclellandi and S. sauteri.在生物分子學和生物型態學上的研究支持了這個新世界珊瑚蛇的種類確立。
(Source)
翻譯:周信甫